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"oprcanmerge": "f", "oprnamespace": "pg_catalog"}, {"oid": "3676", "descr": "equal", "oprcom": "=(tsquery,tsquery)", "oprcode": "tsquery_eq", "oprjoin": "eqjoinsel", "oprkind": "b", "oprleft": "tsquery", "oprname": "=", "oprrest": "eqsel", "oprowner": "POSTGRES", "oprright": "tsquery", "oprnegate": "<>(tsquery,tsquery)", "oprresult": "bool", "oprcanhash": "f", "oprcanmerge": "t", "oprnamespace": "pg_catalog"}, {"oid": "3677", "descr": "not equal", "oprcom": "<>(tsquery,tsquery)", "oprcode": "tsquery_ne", "oprjoin": "neqjoinsel", "oprkind": "b", "oprleft": "tsquery", "oprname": "<>", "oprrest": "neqsel", "oprowner": "POSTGRES", "oprright": "tsquery", "oprnegate": "=(tsquery,tsquery)", "oprresult": "bool", "oprcanhash": "f", "oprcanmerge": "f", "oprnamespace": "pg_catalog"}, {"oid": "3678", "descr": "greater than or equal", "oprcom": "<=(tsquery,tsquery)", "oprcode": "tsquery_ge", "oprjoin": "scalargejoinsel", "oprkind": "b", "oprleft": "tsquery", "oprname": ">=", "oprrest": "scalargesel", "oprowner": "POSTGRES", "oprright": "tsquery", "oprnegate": "<(tsquery,tsquery)", "oprresult": "bool", "oprcanhash": "f", "oprcanmerge": "f", "oprnamespace": "pg_catalog"}, {"oid": "3679", "descr": "greater than", "oprcom": "<(tsquery,tsquery)", "oprcode": "tsquery_gt", "oprjoin": "scalargtjoinsel", "oprkind": "b", "oprleft": "tsquery", "oprname": ">", "oprrest": "scalargtsel", "oprowner": "POSTGRES", "oprright": "tsquery", "oprnegate": "<=(tsquery,tsquery)", "oprresult": "bool", "oprcanhash": "f", "oprcanmerge": "f", "oprnamespace": "pg_catalog"}, {"oid": "3680", "descr": "AND-concatenate", "oprcom": "0", "oprcode": "tsquery_and", "oprjoin": "-", "oprkind": "b", "oprleft": "tsquery", "oprname": "&&", "oprrest": "-", "oprowner": "POSTGRES", "oprright": "tsquery", "oprnegate": "0", "oprresult": "tsquery", "oprcanhash": "f", "oprcanmerge": "f", "oprnamespace": "pg_catalog"}, {"oid": "3681", "descr": "OR-concatenate", "oprcom": "0", "oprcode": "tsquery_or", "oprjoin": "-", "oprkind": "b", "oprleft": "tsquery", "oprname": "||", "oprrest": "-", "oprowner": "POSTGRES", "oprright": "tsquery", "oprnegate": "0", "oprresult": "tsquery", "oprcanhash": "f", "oprcanmerge": "f", "oprnamespace": "pg_catalog"}, {"oid": "5005", "descr": "phrase-concatenate", "oprcom": "0", "oprcode": "tsquery_phrase(tsquery,tsquery)", "oprjoin": "-", "oprkind": "b", "oprleft": "tsquery", "oprname": "<->", "oprrest": "-", "oprowner": "POSTGRES", "oprright": "tsquery", "oprnegate": "0", "oprresult": "tsquery", "oprcanhash": "f", "oprcanmerge": "f", "oprnamespace": "pg_catalog"}, {"oid": "3682", "descr": "NOT tsquery", "oprcom": "0", "oprcode": "tsquery_not", "oprjoin": "-", "oprkind": "l", "oprleft": "0", "oprname": "!!", "oprrest": "-", "oprowner": "POSTGRES", "oprright": "tsquery", "oprnegate": "0", "oprresult": "tsquery", "oprcanhash": "f", "oprcanmerge": "f", "oprnamespace": "pg_catalog"}, {"oid": "3693", "descr": "contains", "oprcom": "<@(tsquery,tsquery)", "oprcode": 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"pg_catalog"}], "signature": "tsquery", "description": ["全文检索查询"], "manual_html": "
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8.11. 文本检索类型

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PostgreSQL 提供了两种专为支持全文检索而设计的数据类型。所谓全文检索，是指在一组自然语言文档中查找最匹配某个查询的文档。tsvector 类型以适合文本检索的优化形式表示文档，tsquery 类型则表示文本查询。关于这一功能的详细解释见第 12 章；相关函数和操作符的概览见第 9.13 节。

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8.11.1. tsvector

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tsvector 值是一个排好序且互不重复的词位（lexeme）列表，这些词已经过正规化，以便把同一单词的不同变体合并起来（详见第 12 章）。排序和去重会在输入时自动完成，如下例所示：

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SELECT 'a fat cat sat on a mat and ate a fat rat'::tsvector;\n                      tsvector\n----------------------------------------------------\n 'a' 'and' 'ate' 'cat' 'fat' 'mat' 'on' 'rat' 'sat'\n
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若要表示包含空白或标点的词位，请用引号将它们括起来：

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SELECT $$the lexeme '    ' contains spaces$$::tsvector;\n                 tsvector\n-------------------------------------------\n '    ' 'contains' 'lexeme' 'spaces' 'the'\n
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（本例及下例使用美元引用的字符串常量，以避免在字符串内部必须双写引号所造成的混淆。）嵌入的引号和反斜线必须双写：

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SELECT $$the lexeme 'Joe''s' contains a quote$$::tsvector;\n                    tsvector\n------------------------------------------------\n 'Joe''s' 'a' 'contains' 'lexeme' 'quote' 'the'\n
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还可以为词位附加整数形式的位置：

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SELECT 'a:1 fat:2 cat:3 sat:4 on:5 a:6 mat:7 and:8 ate:9 a:10 fat:11 rat:12'::tsvector;\n                                  tsvector\n-------------------------------------------------------------------​------------\n 'a':1,6,10 'and':8 'ate':9 'cat':3 'fat':2,11 'mat':7 'on':5 'rat':12 'sat':4\n
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位置通常表示源词在文档中的位置。位置信息可用于接近度排名。位置值的范围为 1 至 16383；更大的数值会被静默设为 16383。同一词位的重复位置会被丢弃。

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带有位置的词位还可以进一步附加一个权重标签，其值可以是 A、B、C 或 D。D 是默认值，因此在输出中不会显示：

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SELECT 'a:1A fat:2B,4C cat:5D'::tsvector;\n          tsvector\n----------------------------\n 'a':1A 'cat':5 'fat':2B,4C\n
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权重通常用于反映文档结构，例如把标题中的词和正文中的词区分开来。文本检索排序函数可以为不同的权重标记分配不同优先级。

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必须认识到，tsvector 类型本身并不会执行任何词语正规化；它假定输入的词已经按照应用需求完成正规化。例如：

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SELECT 'The Fat Rats'::tsvector;\n      tsvector\n--------------------\n 'Fat' 'Rats' 'The'\n
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对于大多数英文全文检索应用来说，上述词会被视为尚未正规化，但 tsvector 并不在意。原始文档文本通常应先经过 to_tsvector，以按检索需要对词语进行正规化：

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SELECT to_tsvector('english', 'The Fat Rats');\n   to_tsvector\n-----------------\n 'fat':2 'rat':3\n
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更多细节仍请参见第 12 章。

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8.11.2. tsquery

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tsquery 值存储要搜索的词位，并可用布尔操作符 &（AND）、|（OR）和 !（NOT）将它们组合起来，也可使用短语搜索操作符 <->（FOLLOWED BY）。此外，FOLLOWED BY 还有一种变体 <N>，其中 N 是整数常量，用于指定被搜索的两个词位之间的距离。<-> 等效于 <1>。

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可以使用圆括号强制指定这些操作符的分组方式。若没有圆括号，!（NOT）的绑定最紧，其次是 <->（FOLLOWED BY），再其次是 &（AND），最后是 |（OR）。

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以下是一些示例：

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SELECT 'fat & rat'::tsquery;\n    tsquery\n---------------\n 'fat' & 'rat'\n\nSELECT 'fat & (rat | cat)'::tsquery;\n          tsquery\n---------------------------\n 'fat' & ( 'rat' | 'cat' )\n\nSELECT 'fat & rat & ! cat'::tsquery;\n        tsquery\n------------------------\n 'fat' & 'rat' & !'cat'\n
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可选地，tsquery 中的词位可以用一个或多个权重字母标注，这会限制它们只匹配在 tsvector 中带有这些权重之一的词位：

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SELECT 'fat:ab & cat'::tsquery;\n    tsquery\n------------------\n 'fat':AB & 'cat'\n
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此外，tsquery 中的词位还可以带上 * 标签来指定前缀匹配：

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SELECT 'super:*'::tsquery;\n  tsquery\n-----------\n 'super':*\n
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这个查询将匹配 tsvector 中任何以“super”开头的词位。

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引号的使用规则与前面介绍 tsvector 时相同；同样，与 tsvector 一样，任何需要的词语正规化都必须在转换为 tsquery 类型之前完成。to_tsquery 函数很适合用来实现这种正规化：

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SELECT to_tsquery('Fat:ab & Cats');\n    to_tsquery\n------------------\n 'fat':AB & 'cat'\n
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请注意，to_tsquery 会像处理其他词一样处理前缀，这意味着下面的比较会返回真：

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SELECT to_tsvector( 'postgraduate' ) @@ to_tsquery( 'postgres:*' );\n ?column?\n----------\n t\n
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因为 postgres 会被词干化为 postgr：

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SELECT to_tsvector( 'postgraduate' ), to_tsquery( 'postgres:*' );\n  to_tsvector  | to_tsquery\n---------------+------------\n 'postgradu':1 | 'postgr':*\n
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因而它能够匹配postgraduate 词干化后的形式。

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